eminent domain in 2006

As anyone who reads newspapers or listens to political talk radio already knows, eminent domain is rapidly emerging as one of the key hot-button political issues, locally and nationally, of the next election cycle or two. Eminent domain is the practice long established in modern "common law"--and enshrined in the "takings clause" at the tail end of the 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constituion--that allows government to "take" private property in the name of the common good. While long controversial, it's a standard component of urban renewal/redevelopment efforts, everything from making room to build a new freeway or expand an airport to promoting the economic revival of a "blighted" neighborhood. (A related post on "blight" follows.) This issue has taken on new political significance, though, thanks to a recent, controversial split decision by the U.S. Supreme court, known as Kelo v. New London, CT (also see this commentary on the Kelo decision)

• two more websites on eminent domain law: www.eminentdomainlaw.net and UMoKC law school

In response to the political uproar following the Kelo decision, particularly from the right, several ballot initiatives are in the works in California, all of which seek to constrain government's ability to "take" private property for public purposes such as renewal/redevelopment. It will be interesting to see how the debate plays out. At first glance, this seems like a simple right (private property rights) vs. left (government-led redistribution) debate, but given the history of urban renewal in the USA--where taxpayer-supported projects have benefited big business more than low-income residents and small "mom and pop" businesses--the poltical allegiences could get rather twisted. Expect the mainstream Democrats to be strongly opposed to any ballot measures that seek to limit eminent-domain powers (or make them more expensive by requiring increased compensation), both on ideological grounds and because Democrats, no less than Republicans, rely on big-business (and big labor) donors, especially at the local level. Republicans, on the other hand, will be torn: the ideological flag carriers of Libertarian values will be strongly in support of the ballot measures, putting the Republican establishment (if such a thing still exists in California) in something of a pickle, between their grassroots supporters on one side and their corporate donors on the other. One thing seems for sure: the voters in the end will make little real difference to what actually happens. We'll all be confused by competing ballot measures regarding a legal issue that is no less convoluted than either energy or insurance regulation--two other big issues that voter propositions failed to accomplish much of anything, certainly not true reform. As a result, we can expect two more things: (1) voters will become even more cynical and disillusioned (if that's possible), and (2) the courts will be where all the real action is. While the voter-initiative idea is a hallmark of early-20th-century Progressive political reform, it's a concept that really has become more of a lawyers-and-judges full-employment program. Any of you still weighing possible career choices, it looks like property and eminent-domain law is a sure-fire growth industry. Happy Christma(Kwanza)kkah to you all! (You think the holiday season is confusing enough already, in only 3 or 4 more years, the Muslim Hajj celebrations--linked to Islam's 354-day lunar calendar--will fall during late December, too. Happy ChrismaKwanzaHajjiKkah?)

bike transportation in the news

This year's high gas prices have inspired more than just me to reduce car trips in favor of the bicycle. Indeed, newbie bike commuting has become something of a hot media story. The following is a quick sampling:

• At Slate.com, Bill Gifford writes about the joys, but also the frustrations and lessons learned, of trying to go completely auto-free in his exurban East Coast home. The bottom line seems to be that cycling-for-transportation is a very different task than cycling-for-recreation, and those who go from the latter to the former (such as myself) have some adjustments to make. Most importantly, while it seems that recreational cycling knows almost no bounds and is an activity you can completely immerse yourself in, transportational cycling has its limits.
• Also at Slate.com, Andy Bowers is the latest to challenge the conventional wisdom that "Nobody Bikes in L.A." Like Gifford, Bowers describes in some detail how subversive/transgressive an act urban cycling can seem, which is both part of its appeal and much of its challenge. Unlike Gifford, though, Bowers' bottom line is very upbeat, revelling in how he, thanks to the bike, had "discovered a different Los Angeles." Bowers doesn't go so far as to pronounce the conventional wisdom wrong and claim that LA is actually a pretty bike-friendly place, but he provides a welcome corrective to the LA- and bike-bashing likes of the Times of London's Chris Ayres.
• Finally, in the December 2000 issue of Bicycling magazine, Dan Koeppel writes about the "Invisible Riders" who bike-commute not by choice but out of economic necessity. Specifically, he profiles the countless, mostly Spanish-speaking immigrant population of day laborers who every morning converge on employment centers such as Harbor Park. It's a fascinating story that reveals a population of cyclists who are totally anonymous and disconnected from the much more affluent (and White) world of recreational cyclists such as myself. This is quite simply one of the best articles I've read, in any publication on any topic, in a long time.

cyclocross (and bike commuting)

Perhaps needing to boost my masculine pride as I spent a long spring and summer watching a parade of other men remodel my house, I gradually began acquiring the pieces to a new bike, which I managed to put together all by my male self in September. Since then I've enthusiastically embraced two new cycling worlds with my new bike (a Giant TCX frame with an eclectic mix of mostly-used Ultegra-level parts taken off my now-upgraded road racer): cyclocross and bike commuting. Never in my wildest imagination did I think I'd take my riding off road, at all, when I returned to cycling three years ago. But the more I rode and the more I read about 'cross--and the more I got sick of driving back and forth to work--the more this old-school, Euro-style hybrid mix of on- and off-road cycling beckoned. And I can enthusiastically say I'm hooked and never turning back. A light (fast) but comfy 'cross bike is ideal for riding around city streets with a bag of books, papers, and clothes on your back. (The ubiquitous mountain bike is the SUV of the two-wheeled world: inefficiently overengineered for the paved world in which the vast majority of their owners use them.) With my new ride, I'm now bike-commuting 3 to 4 days a week. The two-a-day one-hour rides, which usually contain an unstructured mix of hard and easy efforts, are proving to be some of the most fun and effective off-season riding I've ever done. Beside being a gasoline (and thus money) saver, the commuting rides are allowing me to spend far more off-season time on the bike than I've been able to manage in the past--while still allowing plenty of time with my family, especially on weekday mornings. And psychologically, the commute rides do wonders to energize me ahead of my long teaching days, while at the same time getting me appropriately excited about next year's road-racing season. The only downside is I resent driving to work--on rainy days and on my Monday rest days--more than ever. The real reason I put together the new bike, though, was to try out cyclocross. This is a test-the-water 'cross season for me, with little or nothing in the way of targeted training or practice. Green as can be, I entered my first 'cross race down in Harbor City a couple of weeks ago (October 30), and had an absolute blast. And I'm heading out again this Sunday to the race in Palos Verdes. For those unfamiliar with the sport, it's a hybrid of road racing and cross-country mountain biking that is run on courses that mix pavement, gravel, grass, mud, and "single-track" rocky trails. The riding is not as technical as mountain biking, but the field gets strung out more like a cross-country (running or mountain biking) race than the peleton-centered world of road racing. The bikes themselves are a hybrid: essentially road machines fitted with knobby off-road tires and the mountain-style brakes to fit around these fatter tires. The defining feature of 'cross, though, is the presence of steep run-ups and short barriers that require riders to occasionally dismount and carry their bikes a short distance before remounting and pedaling on. I'm still a long way from being fit and skilled enough to be as competitive in the races as I would like--maybe next year--but man is it fun. And 'cross also has the added attraction of being more spectator friendly since the winding courses across open fields can often be seen from a single vantage point and since the riders aren't so anonymously whizzing by each lap in crowded group. This also means that 'cross is relatively photogenic, and sure enough, my first race produced far and away the two best photos anyone has ever taken of me in a bike race (thanks to Mitch Clinton's excellent work):

• Here I am dismounted
• Here I am riding

For more on the unique subculture of cyclocross, check out the following:

• Southern California Cyclocross
• Gabe Konrad, "Filthy Fun with Cyclocross"
• Cyclingnews.com primer on cyclocross
• Wikipedia entry on cyclocross
• Napa Valley Velo's guide to cyclocross
• recent article on the Portland (Ore.) 'cross scene

global demographics

This has little or nothing to do with bicycles, soccer, urban studies, or any of my other usual topics for this blog. But it's been a month since I posted anything, and I had written this up for my Human Geography students anyway, so I thought I'd might as well share with all. Specifically, this is a summary of some of the more interesting and significant points that I found in the United Nations' most recent "World Population Prospects" report.

World population growth is expected to continue until at least 2050, but fertility rates (and thus growth rates) are declining fast and population growth is thus slowing down. Nonetheless, our population of 6.5 billion today is expected to be approximately 9 billion in 2050, with virtually all of this growth occurring in less-developed countries. Indeed, the fastest growth is happening in the 50 or so “least” developed countries, which are primarily located in Sub-Saharan Africa. This growth is driven by traditionally high fertility rates, which more than offset the fact that death rates are actually rising in many of these countries due primarily to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which infects as many as 20, even 30, percent of the people in some places.

We, in fact, are in the middle of a century (1950-2050) of astounding population growth on a global scale, with (again) that growth primarily happening in the less-developed regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Note, for example, the changing roster--and their corresponding populations--of the twenty largest countries (defined by present-day boundaries) in the world.

1950	2005	2050 (projected)
1. China 555 million 2. India 358 3. USA 158 4. Russia 103 5. Japan 84 6. Indonesia 80 7. Germany 68 8. Brazil 54 9. United Kingdom 50 10. Italy 47 11. France 42 12. Bangladesh 42 13. Ukraine 37 14. Pakistan 37 15. Nigeria 33 16. Spain 28 17. Mexico 28 18. Vietnam 27 19. Poland 25 20. Egypt 22	1. China 1.32 billion 2. India 1.1 billion 3. USA 298 million 4. Indonesia 223 5. Brazil 186 6. Pakistan 158 7. Russia 143 8. Bangladesh 142 9. Nigeria 132 10. Japan 128 11. Mexico 107 12. Vietnam 84 13. Philippines 83 14. Germany 83 15. Ethiopia 77 16. Egypt 74 17. Turkey 73 18. Iran 70 19. Thailand 64 20. France 60	1. India 1.59 billion 2. China 1.39 billion 3. USA 395 million 4. Pakistan 305 5. Indonesia 285 6. Nigeria 258 7. Brazil 253 8. Bangladesh 243 9. DR Congo 177 10. Ethiopia 170 11. Mexico 139 12. Philippines 127 13. Uganda 127 14. Egypt 126 15. Vietnam 117 16. Japan 112 17. Russia 112 18. Iran 102 19. Turkey 101 20. Afghanistan 97

Typically-recognized MDCs are shown above in bold.

This population growth is of course fuelled by high fertility rates. Indeed, the UN estimates that as many as five different countries still have a fertility rate of more than seven: Niger (7.9), East Timor (7.8), Afghanistan (7.5), Guinea-Bissau (7.1), and Uganda (7.1). Needless to say, there are many others--primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa--that have fertility rates above six. The good news, at least if you’re concerned about rapid population growth, is that fertility rates are expected to decline dramatically, so that by 2050, all countries will be well below four. Specifically, Niger is expected to remain at the top, but with a rate of just 3.6, more or less the same rate as existed at the peak of our 1950s-centered Baby Boom here in the United States.

While population growth will remain the primary global story well into the future, many regions and countries face a rather different demographic challenge: population decline. Fertility rates have dropped well below the replacement rate in several countries, primarily in Europe but Japan and South Korea as well. Add declining life expectancies (higher death rates) in much of post-Soviet eastern Europe, and the expected population decline is shocking. Between 2005 and 2050, for example, Russia is expected to lose 31 million people, a full 22% of its current population. Even more dramatic is Ukraine, whose expected population loss of 20 million amounts to 43% of its current population. Yikes! Other countries expected to lose at least three million people during the next 45 years are Japan (16 million); Italy and Poland (7 million each); Germany (4 million); and South Korea, Belarus, and Bulgaria (3 million each). While their absolute losses won’t be as great, a number of additional eastern European countries are also expected to lose at least 20% of their population; they include Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Moldova, and Georgia.

These slow-growth and negative-growth countries in Europe already have some of the oldest populations in human history. Indeed, the ten oldest populations in the world all have a median age between 40 and 43 years. In order, they are: Japan, Italy, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Belgium, Croatia, Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovenia. And most of these countries are expected to get older still. South Korea, for example, is expected to have a median age of 54 (!) in 2050, with Italy (53) and Japan (52) and several others close behind. Imagine living in a country where more than half the people are over age 50. You think the AARP is a powerful political lobbying force today; as they say, you ain’t seen nothin’ yet.

Actually, the USA has a remarkably young population compared to our European and East Asian peers. Our median age today is a sprightly 36--which is rather depressing for me since it places me, albeit just barely, among the older half of Americans--and in 2050, half our population will remain under the age of 41. Still, that’s a far cry from most Sub-Saharan African countries today, where the median age--get this--is only 16! (And in Uganda, the median age is under 15.) Think about it, that’s an entire region of the world where most of the people alive today were born after the Berlin Wall fell down and the Soviet Union began to fracture apart, and the only U.S. Presidents they have ever known are named Bush or Clinton.

While China and India are infamous for sex-selective abortions (or even infanticides), with families purposefully choosing to raise boys rather than girls, they are not the most gender-unbalanced countries on the planet. They do indeed have more males than females (106 males for every 100 females in China, 105:100 in India), but that is nowhere near the imbalance seen in a few other countries--most of them on the Arabian peninsula. For every 100 females in their respective countries, there are 117 males in Saudi Arabia, 128 males in Oman, 132 males in Bahrain, 150 males in Kuwait, and a whopping 206 males in Qatar. But that isn’t even the top of the list, as the UAE checks in with 214 males for every 100 females. Why? Well, these traditional societies certainly have their share of gender-discriminating practices, but the real issue here is migrant labor. All of these oil- and construction- focused economies are home to millions of male immigrant workers, primarily from South Asia. Indeed, while it makes sense to describe the UAE as an “Arab” country--that’s what the “A” stands for after all--most of the people (men) who live there are of South Asian origin (India, Pakistan, etc.).

On the other end of the spectrum are countries--mostly in eastern Europe--where women outnumber men, in large part because old and not-so-old men there have been dying at alarming rates while relatively few boys (or girls) are being born to replace them. Indeed, the seven lowest male-to-female ratios in the world are all former republics of the Soviet Union: Latvia (84 males per 100 females); Estonia and Ukraine (85); Armenia, Lithuania, and Russia (87); and Belarus (88). The United States, in comparison, is a more balanced place, with 97 males for every 100 females--women outnumbering men by a small degree simply because they tend to live longer, by about a decade on average.

Finally, one last quick note regarding migration. There presently is an average annual net migration of 2.5 million people from LDCs to MDCs. The two largest out-migrating regions are Asia (1.2 million) and Latin America (700k). The two largest centers of net in-migration are North America (1.3 million) and Europe (900k). It is thus no accident that the two fastest-growing Census Bureau categories in the United States are "Hispanic" and "Asian-Pacific Islander".

World Cup 2006 finalists becoming clear

Note: countries in blue have already qualified for Germany 2006; countries in purple are on the verge; countries in red are still in the hunt. Africa (5 spots clinched) Qualifying play wrapped up this weekend in dramatic fashion as several countries will be making their first-ever visit to the World Cup finals. As expected, Ghana secured its spot with a 4-0 win over Cape Verde, and Togo likewise sealed its bid with a come-from-behind 3-2 win, thus eliminating 2002 quarter-finalist Senegal. Also forced to look ahead early to 2010, after four straight visits to the WC finals, is Cameroon, which could only manage an agonizing 1-1 tie against Egypt--agonizing because of a missed stoppage-time penalty that would have sent them through to Germany. That left the door open for yet another first-time qualifier, Cote d'Ivoire. Another continental giant, Nigeria, will also be staying home next summer as Angola managed an 80th-minute goal to beat Rwanda and thus win the group. Finally, Tunisia twice came from behind to earn Africa's fifth place in Germany with a 2-2 home tie against second-place Morocco, who would have advanced with the win. Europe (8 spots clinched / 6 remaining) With victories on Saturday, Italy, Portugal, and the Netherlands joined Germany and Ukraine as qualifiers for the 2006 finals. Even though their group winner won't be known until Wednesday, England and Poland have also qualified, as the loser of their showdown for top spot is still assured of being one of the best two second-place teams. By defeating Sweden, Croatia likewise secured its place in Germany, although Sweden still might steal the group win with a home win against Iceland. Several other pivotal matches will be played on the 12th to determine not only the remaining group winners but also the important second-place spots, which earn a place in last-chance head-to-head playoffs. Serbia-Montenegro can win Group 7 with a win or tie against visiting Bosnia-Herzegovina; meanwhile, an expected win at San Marino would secure second-place for Spain, who must hope for a Bosnian win to leapfrog Serbia into first place. Even more unsettled is Group 4, which has four teams still in the hunt for the first two places. A 1-1 tie between Switzerland and France leaves Israel atop Group 4, but that's not likely to last as France should still win the group with an expected home win over Cyprus--unless Switzerland also manages a victory on the road at Ireland. An Ireland win wouldn't likely be good enough to beat out France, but it would put the Irish into the second-place playoffs. A tie in that pivotal match wouldn't help the Irish, but it would put the Swiss in the second-place playoffs. With no games left to play, Israel's only hope (despite having not lost a single of its ten matches) is that Cyprus somehow defeats France. The other battles for second-place include:

• Group 1: the Czech Republic needs to win at Finland; otherwise Romania get the spot
• Group 2: Turkey, Denmark, and Greece all still have a chance, but the Turks currently have the edge
• Group 3: Slovakia and Russia face each other in Bratislava; Russia needs to win, Slovakia only needs a tie
• Group 5: Norway has already clinched second place

Asia (4 spots clinched / one-half spot remaining) Japan, Iran, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia are in. Uzbekistan and Bahrain tied their first game, so its winner-take-all on Wednesday in Bahrain for the special play-off spot against the fourth-place team from North and Central America (either Guatemala or Trinidad and Tobago). North and Central America (3 spots clinched / one-half spot remaining) Costa Rica's 3-0 home win over an already-qualified USA clinched their spot in Germany alongside the Americans and Mexico. That only leaves the fourth-place battle between Trinidad-and-Tobago and Guatemala, the winner advancing to a final play-off against the Uzebekistan-Bahrain winner. T&T now holds the advantage, after a crucial road victory over Panama. Guatemala now must beat Costa Rica on Wednesday and hope that T&T does not beat Mexico; both fourth-place hopefuls will be at home. South America and Oceania (4 spots clinched/ 1 spot remaining) Surprising Ecuador and Paraguay did indeed secure their spots on Saturday to join Argentina and Brazil in Germany next summer. That just leaves the battle for fifth-place and a consequent play-off against Oceania champion Australia. The spot is Uruguay's with a win on Wednesday at home against Argentina. Anything less than a win, though, opens the door for either Colombia (on the road at Paraguay) or perhaps Chile (at home to Ecuador) to steal the spot.